Molecular mechanisms of tooth, maxilla and mandible development / 口腔医学

@#Understanding the pattern and molecular mechanisms of tooth, maxilla and mandible development is the prerequisite for studying their regeneration. Tooth development can be divided into three stages: bud-bell stage, tooth crown development stage and tooth root development stage. During these processes, key genes show spatial and temporal expression pattern. Tooth development is a complex process involving interactions between dental epithelium and mesenchyme, precise regulations of enamel knots in cusp patterning, as well as successful eruption into the oral cavity under proper biomechanical stress and signaling transductions. The development of tooth, maxilla and mandible, all of which originate from the first branchial arch, is independent and regulates each other to form a whole during development. Any developmental defects of them will ultimately cause defects to the others. In this paper, we briefly reviewed the development of tooth, maxilla and mandible, proposed that the homeostasis of microenvironment is critical for their development. Moreover, we reviewed the role of Meckel’s cartilage, a special structure and signaling mechanism during mandible development. At last, we proposed an integrated development model of tooth, maxilla and mandible. We also hope that the regeneration of fully functional tooth, maxilla and mandible in human can be achieved based on fundamental knowledge we have gained so far.

Relationship between serum fibroblast growth factor 21/23 level, trauma severity and prognosis in middle-aged and older adult patients with traumatic fracture / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the relationship between serum fibroblast growth factor 21/23 level, trauma severity and prognosis in middle-aged and older adult patients with traumatic fracture.Methods:A total of 126 middle-aged and older adult patients with traumatic facture who received treatment in the Second People's Hospital of Lishui, China between June 2017 and June 2019 were included in the study group. Fifty healthy controls who concurrently received physical examination in the Second People's Hospital of Lishui were included in the control group. The study group was divided into five subgroups according to relevant criteria: mild, moderate, severe, poor prognosis and good prognosis. The levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), FGF21 and FGF23 were measured.Results:On admission, serum CRP, PCT, FGF23, FGF2 levels in the study group were (19.18 ± 5.66) mg/L, (0.71 ± 0.20) μg/L, (79.75 ± 18.62)μg/L,(52.10 ± 16.34) μg/L, respectively, and they were significantly higher than those in the control group [ (7.60 ± 2.61) mg/L, (0.30 ± 0.11) μg/L, (40.18 ± 10.33) μg/L, (30.11 ± 10.19) μg/L, t = 18.888, 17.750, 18.336, 11.032, all P < 0.001). On admission, serum CRP, PCT, FGF23, FGF2 levels in the study group were (19.18 ± 5.66) mg/L, (0.71 ± 0.20) μg/L, (79.75 ± 18.62) μg/L, (52.10 ± 16.34) μg/L, respectively, and they were significantly increased at 1 day [(21.59 ± 4.53) mg/L, (0.79 ± 0.22) μg/L, (83.85 ± 19.07) μg/L, (55.18 ± 16.55) μg/L, t = 3.72, 3.29, 1.56, 1.56, P < 0.05, P < 0.05, P = 0.122, P = 0.122] and 3 days after surgery [(23.15 ± 3.16) mg/L, (0.80 ± 0.24) μg/L, (88.11 ± 19.80) μg/L, (59.70 ± 16.07) μg/L, t = 6.65, 3.12, 3.59, 3.77, all P < 0.05] , and significantly decreased at 7 days after surgery [(14.35 ± 4.02) mg/L, (0.52 ± 0.16) μg/L, (50.06 ± 15.50) μg/L, (32.18 ± 12.52) μg/L, t = 8.31, 8.58, 13.77, 11.11, all P < 0.001]. On admission, there were significant differences in serum CRP, PCT, FGF23, FGF21 levels between mild, moderate and severe groups ( F = 25.087, 15.851, 15.831 and 12.645, all P < 0.001). On admission, serum CRP, PCT, FGF23, FGF21 levels in the poor prognosis group were significantly higher than those in the good prognosis group ( t = 5.757, 4.984, 3.189 and 4.006, all P < 0.001). The receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis results showed that serum CRP, PCT, FGF23, FGF21 levels in patients with traumatic fracture on admission had a certain value in the prediction of poor prognosis. Combined detection of these four indexes had the highest value, with AUC (0.95 CI) of 0.877 (0.783-0.982). Conclusion:Serum FGF21 and FGF23 levels have a certain value in the prediction of severity and prognosis of traumatic fracture in middle-aged and older adult patients.

Synthesis，Characterization and Anti-tumor Effect Evaluation of Novel Ampelopsin Derivative Poly （γ-glutamic Acid）-ampelopsin Conjugate / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To desig n and sy nthesize poly （γ-glutamic acid ）-ampelopsin（γ-PGA-AMP），and to characterize it and evaluate its anti-tumor activity in vitro . METHODS ：Synthetic product was produced through an esterification reaction between γ-PGA and ampelopsin. The structure of synthetic product was characterized by the UV spectrophotometry ，Fourier transform infrared（FT-IR）spectroscopy，1H-NMR spectra and the quantitative elemental analysis. The content of ampelopsin in synthetic product was determined by UV absorption spectrometry at 292 nm. Using 5-FU as positive control ，MTT assay was used to determine inhibitory effects of γ-PGA-AMP and ampelopsin on human breast cancer cell MCF- 7，human liver cancer cell HepG 2 and human lung cancer cell A 549. The IC 50 was calculated. RESULTS ：The results showed that the free 7-hydroxyl group of ampelopsin and the a-carboxyl group of γ-polyglutamic acid had been esterified to obtain γ-PGA-AMP；the yield of γ-PGA-AMP was 55.7％，and the content of ampelopsin was 32.3％. The inhibitory effect of γ-PGA-AMP and ampelopsin on MCF- 7，HepG2 and A 549 cells was obvious. IC 50 of γ-PGA-AMP（to 3 above tumor cells ）were 40.19，28.29 and 55.23 μg/mL，those of ampelopsin were 105.30，81.23，130.10 μg/mL，those of 5-FU were 24.72，87.98，30.99 μg/mL，respectively. CONCLUSIONS ：γ-PGA-AMP with anti-tumor effect in vitro is synthesized successfully ，and its anti-tumor effect is stronger than that of ampelopsin.

Effects of extracellular acidosis on pyroptosis of rat articular chondrocytes and its possible mechanisms / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the effects of extracellular acidosis on articular chondrocytes pyroptosis and its possible mechanisms. Methods Primary articular chondrocytes were incubated in different pH and NAC. The expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, ASC, NLRP3, caspase-1 were detected by Western blot and real-time PCR. The state of pyropto-sis was identified by AO/EB staining and LDH con-tents. The expression of ROS was observed by DCFH-DA, and ELISA was used to detect the IL-1β,IL-18 in cultured supernatants. Results Compared with the normal cell, extracellular acidosis could increase the expression of IL-1β, IL-18, ASC, NLRP3 and caspase-1 , upregulate the fluorescence intensity of in-tercellular ROS, accompanied with the promoted release of LDH. Moreover, it is observed that extra-cellular acidosis could also induce chondrocytes death by AO/EB staining. NAC,the scavenger of ROS could inhibit these effects of extracellular acidosis on chon-drocytes. Conclusion Extracellular acidosis may in-duce chondrocyte pyroptosis via upregulating the intra-cellular ROS content.

Application of vascularized anterolateral thigh perforator flap harvested with free-style approach in oral and maxillofacial reconstruction / 中华显微外科杂志

Objective To assess the harvest method and application value of free-style anterolateral thigh perforator flap (ALTPF) in oral-maxillofacial reconstruction.Methods Fifty-three patients who suffered from oral and maxillofacial tumor underwent simultaneous reconstruction using free-style ALTPFs after radical resection from August,2013 to May,2014.Perforators of the ALTPF region were marked through hand-held Doppler probe preoperatively.Flaps were designed centered on perforators according to the defect size of the accepting site.Incisions were first made at the inner border of the designed flap.Perforators were exposed above the fascia lata femoris and then dissected retrogradely through the vastus lateralis muscle to harvest a vascular pedicle with desired caliber and length.Flap thinning was applied under microscope in some cases to compromise the need of the accepting site.Results All 53 flaps survived after transplantation while skin exfoliation occurred in 5 cases due to flap thinning.Four cases sustained partial necrosis and was cured by trimming and dressing changes.Five to 14 months' post-operative followup showed satisfactory accepting-site morphology with good speech function and swallowing recovery.All donor sites were closed primarily without skin-grafting,leaving no donor-site complications including incision disruption,scar hyperplasia and muscle strength degeneration of the lower limb.Conclusion Multiple perforators have been accu rately located preoperatively in free-style harvest approach of ALTPFs,thus optimal effects can be reached with decreased donor-site morbidity and improved aesthetic outcome to the uttermost,which accords with the refined,personalized and minimal invasive development concept of modem reconstructive surgery.